三.歷史文化

中南半島文明古國，歷經扶南、真臘王朝，2000年以上歷史，受印度文化影響甚深。9~15世紀吳哥王朝高棉帝國，12世紀國勢鼎盛，高棉文化燦爛，版圖包括柬、泰、寮、越，稱霸東南亞。1430年暹羅入侵。因吳哥城太近暹羅遷都金邊，備受越南侵略。

1863年法國殖民地。金邊號稱「東方小巴黎」。1942~1945年二戰時期日軍佔領。

1953年脫離法國90年殖民時期獨立。1970年親美朗諾將軍廢止國王，成立高棉共和國。

1975年親中赤棉波布驅趕城鎮居民下鄉務農，屠殺知識分子。三年八個月極左恐怖統治，全國四分一人口約200萬死亡，造成國家困境，民生凋敝、經濟衰退、社會貧窮、教育落後…。

1978年洪森引越南進入，1979年攻佔金邊，建立政權柬埔寨人民共和國。

1985年洪森34歲擔任總理，成為當時世界最年輕政府總理，開始執政至今30年。

1991年聯合國調解簽定巴黎和平協定，13年內戰結束。放棄一黨專制和共產主義，實行民主改革、開放市場，保證公民人權，佛教為國教，實行市場經濟開放政策。

1993年聯合國根據巴黎協定全國大選，至2013年舉辦第五屆國會選舉，人民黨勝選執政。

制憲議會通過新憲法，恢復君主制度及國名柬埔寨王國西哈努克重新登基為國王。

1997年武裝衝突事件，第二首相洪森政變推翻第一總理拉那烈親王，政變後政治、社會、經濟發展漸趨穩定。洪森長期主政，有貪汙、貧富、人權的問題，但近年來政府政策開放、全力發展經濟、人民生活水準和國際地位持續改善。

3. History and culture

The ancient civilization of the Indochina Peninsula has a history of more than 2,000 years and has been deeply influenced by Indian culture. From the 9th to the 15th century, the Khmer Empire of the Angkor Dynasty was at its peak, and the Khmer culture was splendid in the 12th century. Its territory included Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and it dominated Southeast Asia. 1430 Siamese invasion. Because Angkor Thom was too close to Siam and moved its capital to Phnom Penh, it was invaded by Vietnam.

1863 French colony. Phnom Penh is known as the "Little Paris of the Orient". It was occupied by Japanese troops during World War II from 1942 to 1945.

In 1953, it became independent from France's 90-year colonial period. In 1970, the pro-Melano general abolished the king and established the Khmer Republic.

In 1975, the pro-China Chimian Pobu drove urban residents to work in the countryside and massacred intellectuals. Three years and eight months of the ultra-left terror rule, a quarter of the country's population has died about 2 million people, causing national difficulties, people's livelihood is declining, economic recession, social poverty, education backwardness...

In 1978, Hun Sen led Vietnam into the country, captured Phnom Penh in 1979, and established the regime of the People's Republic of Cambodia.

In 1985, Hun Sen became the prime minister at the age of 34, becoming the youngest prime minister in the world at that time, and has been in power for 30 years.

In 1991, the United Nations mediated and signed the Paris Peace Agreement, which ended the 13-year civil war. Abandon one-party dictatorship and communism, implement democratic reforms, open markets, guarantee citizens' human rights, make Buddhism the state religion, and implement an open market economy policy.

In 1993, the United Nations held a national election in accordance with the Paris Agreement, and until 2013 held the fifth congressional election, the People's Party won the election and came to power.

The Constituent Assembly passed the new constitution, restored the monarchy and the country's name Sihanouk, the Kingdom of Cambodia, re-ascended the throne as king.

In the armed conflict in 1997, the second prime minister Hun Sen overthrew the first prime minister Prince Ranariddh in a coup. After the coup, political, social and economic development gradually stabilized.Hun Sen has been in power for a long time, and there are problems of corruption, rich and poor, and human rights. However, in recent years, the government has opened up its policies, made every effort to develop the economy, and the people's living standards and international status have continued to improve.

四.政治法律

國家政權：君主立憲。政府體制：議會民主(內閣制)。國家元首：西哈莫尼(2014年登基1300年來第97代)。首相總理：洪森。政黨：人民黨(執政黨)，救國黨(反對黨)。

外交：107個國家建交，常駐金邊使館28家。

憲法：柬埔寨是君主立憲制王國，立法、行政、司法三權分立。國王：虛位終身國家元首、國家軍隊最高司令、國家統一和永存象徵，有權宣佈大赦。根據首相建議，徵得國民議會主席同意後，可解散國會。       

國民議會：柬埔寨全國最高權力立法機構，共123個席參議院：國家立法機構，審議國民議會通過法案，任期6年。法案須經國民議會、參議院和憲法委員會審議通過，最後由國王簽署生效。                                                                    

憲法規定：政黨須在國會選舉取得超過2/3席次，可單獨籌組政府。2008年第四屆國會選舉，人民黨贏得90席，洪森續任總理完全執政。2013年第五屆國會大選人民黨68席(55%)，延續28年執政；反55席(45%)，增加26席勢力明顯提升。

※洪森總理：1951年出生(64歲)，父親是華人農民。1985年34歲成為當時世界上最年輕政府總理，執政近30年。1991 年人民黨改為實行自由市場經濟和多黨民主，保證公民的一切人權，宣佈佛教為國教，對外實行經濟開放。批評者、反對黨指責獨裁，但30年長期統治下，近年來國民經濟、人民生活水準和國際地位都有改善進步，政治穩定、社會漸趨穩定。

※國家政策發展方向：開放外商投資、全力發展經濟、經濟多元化、擴大農業發展、加速工業化、土地管理為政府重要政策發展方向。

4. Political law

State Government: Constitutional Monarchy. Government system: Parliamentary democracy (cabinet system). Head of state: Sihamoni (the 97th generation since he ascended the throne in 2014 for 1,300 years). Prime Minister Prime Minister: Hun Sen. Political parties: People's Party (ruling party), National Salvation Party (opposition party).

Diplomacy: 107 countries have established diplomatic relations with 28 embassies in Phnom Penh.

Constitution: Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy with separation of powers in the legislative, executive and judiciary. King: Empty head of state for life, supreme commander of the national army, symbol of national unity and eternal existence, and has the right to declare amnesty. On the proposal of the Prime Minister, the National Assembly can be dissolved with the consent of the President of the National Assembly.

National Assembly: The highest legislative body in Cambodia, with a total of 123 seats. The bill must be reviewed and approved by the National Assembly, the Senate and the Constitutional Council, and finally signed by the king.

The constitution stipulates that a political party must obtain more than 2/3 of the seats in the parliamentary elections and can form a government independently. In the fourth congressional election in 2008, the People's Party won 90 seats, and Hun Sen was fully in power as the re-elected prime minister. In the fifth general election in 2013, the People's Party had 68 seats (55%) and continued to be in power for 28 years; the opposition had 55 seats (45%), and its power increased significantly by adding 26 seats.

※Prime Minister Hun Sen: Born in 1951 (64 years old), his father is a Chinese farmer. In 1985, at the age of 34, he became the youngest prime minister in the world at that time and has been in power for nearly 30 years. In 1991, the People's Party changed to a free market economy and multi-party democracy, guaranteed all human rights of citizens, declared Buddhism the state religion, and opened up its economy to the outside world. Critics and opposition parties have accused the dictatorship, but under 30 years of long-term rule, the national economy, people's living standards and international status have improved and progressed in recent years, with political stability and social stability.

※National policy development direction: opening up foreign investment, fully developing the economy, diversifying the economy, expanding agricultural development, accelerating industrialization, and land management are important policy development directions of the government.

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